The United Kingdom Horse Shoers Union

The voice of the farrier.

Posterior Third Lameness.

A series of articles by Peter N Baker. index

Glossary Of Anatomical Terms.

ABAXIAL, Towards the outside of centre. Abaxially.
ACUTE, At the time. Acute Stage when the problem is active.
ADHESIONS, Stuck together.
A.L.D, Angular limb deformity.
ANAESTHETIC, Veterinary treatment to render animal insensitive to pain.
ANATOMY, To do with the animals body, (Anatomical).
ANTERIOR, Towards the front, (Anteriorly).
ARREST, Stop a condition from progressing.
ARTHRITIS, Degeneration of the structure of bone.
ASYMMETRIC, Not symmetrical, no symmetry of the structure.
ASYMPTOMATIC, Without any obvious or outward signs or symptoms.
AUTOPSY, Examination of the animals body after death.
AXIS, The centre. Axially, Towards the centre. AXES, Plural of axis.

BARS The bars of the hoof capsule, is the area located across the lateral clefts from the body of the frog.
BASE, The place on the ground where the horses feet are normally placed at rest..
BASE WIDE feet wider apart, Base narrow, Feet closer together.
BILATERAL, Both sides, BI-laterally.
BIOMECHANICAL, The effect that the stress and pressure of motion has upon living tissue.
Biomechanical response, its effect on that tissue.
BLOOD VESSELS, The network of arteries veins and the lymphatic system.
BREAK OVER, The point when the heel unloads and the foot leaves the ground.
BUCKLE, To bend or distort.
BURSA, A sac of lubricating fluid within tissue, that protects a bone from impact force, and abrasive
action from another part of its body.
BURSITIS, Inflammation of a bursa.

CAPSULE, The outer structure of the hoof, Hoof Capsule. Capsular, pertinent to the hoof's capsule.
CARTILAGE, A flexible plate of tissue, forming part of the skeleton
CHRONIC, Well established, a condition that has been present for some time. COMMON DIGITAL
EXTENSOR TENDON, The tendon that passes down the front of the front lower leg, it extends the limb.
COLLATERAL, Both sides, Collaterally matched, a pair.
CONCAVE, Bulging inwards.
CONSTRICTION, Blockage by strangulation.
CONVEX, Bulging outwards.
CORN, Cornified lump of horny tissue overlaying part of the solar plate. Seat of corn, area of the solar
plate within the heels where they reflect forwards to form the bars.
CORONARY, The area of the leg where the hair terminates, and the hoof starts. Growth area of the
horny wall.
CONTRA INDICATIVE, Not in the best interests of.
CORTEX, The outer surface of a structure.
C. P. D, Continuing professional development.
CRACK, A fracture of the structure of the horny wall, defined by the area in which it is found, Toe,
Quarter, Heel etc.
CYST, Erosion of the articular cartilage, within the joint.

DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON, Tendon which runs down the back of the leg makes its terminal
insertion on the distal phalanx/ pedal bone.
DIFFUSE, Spread over a wide area.
DIGIT, The equivalent of the human finger, the pastern.
DIGITAL, Of the digit.
DIGITAL CUSHION, Cushion of the digit. A fibro- fatty mass within the rear of the hoof capsule.
DISTAL, The base or bottom structure.
DISTAL PHALANX, The lower or final bone of the leg. Alts :- P3, Pedal Bone, Os Pedis.
DISTAL SESAMOID BONE, The lower and final sesamoid bone.
D.O.D, Developmental Orthopaedic Disease, The young equines limbs are not developing in correct
alignment, or direction.
DORSAL, The front of.
DORSAL WALL, The front outer surface of the hoof capsule.
DYNAMICS, The most efficient way of functioning.
DYNAMIC FUNCTION, Fulfilling its most efficient role.
DYSFUNCTION, Not functioning as nature intended.

EQUINE, Family of Horse, Pony, Donkey, Mule. Equidae Pl., Equis.
EQUIS PEDIS, The Horses Foot.
EXFOLIATE, The natural process of shedding the outer skin. Epidermal layer.
EXOSTOSIS, The laying down of new bone.
EXTENSOR TENDONS, The group of tendons which extend the leg.
EXTENSOR PROCESS, The apex of the distal phalanx, Alts :- Pyramidal Process, Extensor Crown.

F.D. Flexural deformity.
FLEXION, The action of bending the lower leg.
FLEXION TEST, Forcibly bending the lower leg to check for a pain reflex.
FLEXOR APPARATUS, The flexor tendeno muscular structure of the limb
FIBROUS CHANGES, The conversion of soft tissue to a more fibrous tissue. Laying down of fibrous
tissue inside nutrient foramina.
FORAMEN, The opening in bone for the passage of nutrient blood vessels.
Pl:- Foramina.
FOUNDER, To sink. Foundering, sinking as in laminitis. Nautical term.

G GRADUATING, The wear pattern of a shoe constant slowly thinning throughout its entire width, or
length.

HUSBANDRY, The quality of care.
HYBRID, Two heels on the same foot which are mismatched.

IMBALANCE, Not balanced in relationship to its adjoining structures.
IMPINGEMENT, Constricted by reduction of the area in which it is contained, Pinched, Strangled.
INDICATORS, Visual outward signs of what is taking place inside.
INITIAL INSULT, The first part of an acute attack.
INSIDIOUS, Slow and progressive onset.
INTERRUPT, To halt a sequence of events.

LAMINAE, The leaves that attach / laminate the hoof capsule to bone and co- lateral cartilage. Soft and
horny.tissue.
LAMINAL MEMBRANE, The base membrane of the sensitive laminae on the outside of the distal
phalanx and its cartilage.
LAMINITIS. Inflammation of the base membrane of the laminae of the hoof capsule.
LAMINITIC FOUNDER, The sinking of the distal phalanx within the hoof capsule.
LATERAL, Towards the outside, opposite to Medial.
LATERAL CARTILAGE'S, Co-lateral plates of cartilage, that are mounted on the upper edges of the
wings of the distal phalanxes.
LEG, The part of the limb below the knee / hock, in the horse.
LESION, An erosion of body tissue.
LIMB, The whole limb from the shoulder and the pelvis downwards.
LINEAR, In lines.
LOCALISED, Specific to one area of the horse.
LUMBER, The area of the horses back, in the area where the lumber vertebrae are located.
LUMBER SACRAL, The place in the spine of the horse where the lumbar and sacral vertebrae join.

MALFUNCTION, Not functioning or working properly.
MEDIAL, Nearest to the central line of the horse.
METABOLIC, Read physiological, to do with the animals body, its physical being.
MIDDLE PHALANX, The middle bone in the fetlock stack. [ there are four bones, one of them does not
form part of the true stack ].
MISMATCHED, Not a pair, one foot a different shape or size to its partner.
MORBID, Had been part of a dead body.

NECROSIS, The death of living tissue.
NECROTIC, Dead tissue.
NEURO, To do with nerves.
NEURO- MUSCULAR, To do with nerves as they influence muscles.

OBLIQUE, Running diagonally across, ie,[ starting at the near fore foot ascending the limb crossing the
back diagonally and descending the off hind limb.
OSSIFY, To covert to bone, usually from cartilage, occasionally from muscle.
OSSIFICATION, The completed process.
OUCHY, In order to complete a movement, some low grade pain is felt.

PALMAR, Back of the limb.
PASTERN, That part of the horse found between the hoof, and the fetlock, [ankle].
P1, P2, P3, The three phalanxes, the bones which make up the bony column of the Pastern. Numbered
from the top downwards.
PEDAL BONE, P3, [alt], Distal phalanx, Os pedis, Claw bone, Third Phalanx.
PHALANX, Signified by the letter P.
PALPATE, Examine by feeling or touching. Tactile analysis.
PHYSIOLOGICAL, To do with the horse's physiology its natural make up.
PIN TOED, Turns toes inwards.
PLANTAR, At the back of the hind limb.
PLEXUS, A mesh of blood vessels and nerves in their natural state.
POSTERIOR FOUNDER, A rearwards sinking of the distal phalanx with in the hoof capsule.
POSTERIOR THIRD, In the rear third of the equine's foot.
PREDISPOSED, Most likely to suffer a condition.
PREDISPOSITION, The state of being predisposed.
PREMATURE BREAK OVER, The foot breaks over before the full weight of the horse has passed over
it. To enable this to happen, some abnormal muscular lifting is required.
PRENAVICULAR SYNDROME, The exciting cause leading up to navicular changes. [Specialist paper,
available].
PRIMARY, The principle item. The first.
PROLAPSED, To fall through other living tissue.
PROXIMAL, The top item of the stack.

QUITTOR, A scar seen at coronary level, at the border of the hoof capsule and the hair line, which
results as an upwards drainage of an abscess which had formed within the confined and sealed area of
the hoof capsule.

RADIOGRAPH, X-ray.
REAR END IMPAIRED, Non efficient hind leg propulsion mechanism.
RESILIENT, Able to re conform, or change its shape depending on its environment.
RETROSSAL PROCESS, The most rearwards extent of the base surface of the pedal bone / P3.
RUN FORWARDS, When due to external forces the horny tissue of the hoof capsule has been driven
forwards.

SEAT OF CORN, The area of the solar plate most rearwards, located at each heel, and which is located
within the base surfaces of the heel buttresses.
SEEDY TOE, A condition where the toe of the hoof capsule detaches itself from its laminal bed. The
cavity gets infested with bacteria. The resulting debris is referred to as yeast.
SERUM POOLING, Clear fluids which derive from blood gathering in living tissue, like a blister. A
Seroma.
SHEARED, Split.
SHUNTING, To be driven in any direction, due to the pressure of force.
SIDE BONE, The conversion of, the flexible cartilaginous tissue
SITES, The location of.
SOFT TISSUE, The tissue of the body other than bone.
SOLAR, Of the sole.
SOLAR PLATE, The horny covering of the sole.
SOLE, The base of the equine foot.
SNOWBALLING CONDITIONS, The state of partly thawed snow, when it is in the optimum state to
ball inside the inner rim of a shoe fitted to the equine foot.
SPAVIN, An exostosis of the bones of the hock. The laying down of new bone by the system of the
horse, the condition is located in the area of the hock.
SUB CLINICAL, Unable to be identified by any of the recognised methods of observation.
SULCI, The grooves on either side of the frog, or the groove found in the centre of the frog. Central, and
lateral.
SYNDROME, A recognised type of clinical condition.

TARSAL. Bones of the hock.
TARSUS, The hock.
TYING UP, A traumatic condition, when the muscles accumulate lactic acid, causing them to loose their
elasticity, leading to a cramp condition.
TOE IN, TOE OUT, To turn its toe in or out.
TOE QUARTER, The area in front of the widest part of an equine
foot. TRAUMA, To suffer stress, mental or physical.

UNILATERAL, On one side only.

VASCULAR, Containing vessels of the circulatory system. Veins and Arteries.
VASCULAR CHANNELS, The holes or groves in bone through which blood vessels pass.